While in some sources Choice Theory/Reality Therapy is connected to Cognitive Behavioral Approaches, it can be also considered a stand alone approach/therapy.
Here’s how it works:
Choice Theory is the theoretical foundation developed by Dr. William Glasser.
Reality Therapy is the practical counseling method based on Choice Theory.
So in this case:
Choice Theory = the approach
Reality Therapy = the therapy type within that approach
How is it connected to Cognitive Behavioral Approaches?
Similarities to CBT:
- Emphasizes behavior change
- Focuses on the present, not the past
- Encourages self-evaluation and personal responsibility
- Aims to improve decision-making and problem-solving
Differences from CBT:
- Does not focus on cognitive distortions or irrational thoughts like CBT or REBT.
- Doesn’t involve techniques like cognitive restructuring.
- Based more on humanistic and existential principles—believing in the client’s ability to make better choices and take control of their life.
What is Choice Theory/Reality Therapy?
Choice Theory/Reality Therapy is a counseling approach developed by Dr. William Glasser that focuses on personal responsibility, the power of choice, and meeting basic psychological needs. Unlike traditional therapies that may explore the past or unconscious thoughts, this method helps clients focus on present behaviors and encourages them to make better choices to lead more satisfying lives. The goal is not to dwell on problems but to work on solutions by understanding what clients want and how their current actions are helping—or hurting—that goal.
The foundation: Choice Theory
Choice Theory is the foundation of Reality Therapy. It teaches that all human behavior is purposeful and motivated by an internal drive to meet five basic needs:
- Love and belonging – connection, friendship, and intimacy
- Power – achievement, competence, and feeling important
- Freedom – independence, autonomy, and choice
- Fun – enjoyment, laughter, and learning
- Survival – physical needs like food, shelter, and safety
According to Choice Theory, we cannot control others—we can only control our own behavior. Problems arise when people try to control others or when their actions don’t align with their true needs. This idea shifts the focus from blaming others to evaluating personal choices.
Reality Therapy: The application
Reality Therapy is how Choice Theory is applied in counseling. It is practical, future-focused, and centered on helping people take responsibility for their actions without judgment. The therapist-client relationship is based on trust, respect, and honesty, with the therapist acting more like a coach than an interpreter of problems.
Instead of diagnosing or labeling, Reality Therapy focuses on the question: “What do you want, and what are you doing to get it?”
The WDEP system
Reality Therapy often follows a simple structure called the WDEP system, which helps guide the counseling process:
W – Wants: What do you want? What are your goals and desires?
D – Doing: What are you doing now? How are you behaving or reacting?
E – Evaluation: Is what you’re doing helping or hurting your chances of getting what you want?
P – Planning: What plan can you create to make better choices and meet your needs?
This process encourages clients to reflect on their actions and create a realistic, doable plan for change.
Key features of Choice Theory/Reality Therapy
This approach stands out because it:
- Focuses on the present and future, not the past
- Encourages self-evaluation without blame or shame
- Believes people can make better choices when they understand their needs
- Promotes a strong, respectful therapist-client relationship
- Avoids labels, diagnoses, and medication as the first response
- Teaches that external control (blaming, criticizing, punishing) damages relationships
Who benefits from this approach?
Choice Theory/Reality Therapy is used in schools, counseling centers, prisons, addiction recovery programs, and even the workplace. It is helpful for:
- Teens and young adults
- People with relationship problems
- Individuals struggling with motivation or self-control
- Clients who feel stuck but want to move forward
- Those who prefer action-based counseling instead of talk therapy focused on the past
Because it emphasizes personal responsibility and goal-setting, this approach works well for individuals ready to take charge of their choices.
Benefits and limitations
Benefits include:
- Empowering people to make changes
- Teaching lifelong decision-making skills
- Strengthening relationships by reducing blame and control
- Offering a hopeful, forward-looking process
Possible limitations:
- May not be ideal for those needing deep emotional exploration
- Not focused on past trauma, which some clients may need to process
- Requires willingness to take responsibility, which can be difficult early in therapy
Conclusion
Choice Theory/Reality Therapy is a powerful counseling method that helps people take control of their lives by understanding their needs and making better choices. It focuses on personal growth, responsibility, and positive relationships. Rather than digging into the past or assigning blame, it encourages individuals to take action now to build a more fulfilling future. For those ready to stop feeling stuck and start making purposeful changes, this approach offers a clear, practical path forward.